نشریه مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش
پیاپی 22 (تابستان 1401)

Physical activity and some antioxidants such as vitamins E and C are effective factors on the immune system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four weeks of concurrent training and consumption of vitamins E and C on the acute response of serum immunoglobulin and cortisol to an exhaustive aerobic activity in inactive women.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study. 24 women were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=12) including concurrent exercise (endurance and resistance) + vitamin supplement (E and C); and concurrent training (endurance and resistance) + placebo groups. Blood sampling was taken before and after a session of exhaustive aerobic activity (activity with an intensity of 75% of the maximum reserve heart rate on the treadmill) and after four weeks of concurrent activity along with supplementation. The concurrent exercise+vitamin supplement (E and C) group performed four weeks of concurrent exercise (three exercise sessions per week) with a 30-day vitamin E and C supplement (500 mg vitamin C and 200 mg vitamin C) was administered twice daily. Serum cortisol and immunoglobulins were measured by gamma and nephelometric methods, respectively. To compare the changes before and after a session of exhausting activity of the two groups, analysis of covariance was used. Moreover, to determine the difference between groups of variables after four stages of measurement, repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests also were used at a significance level of p˂0.05.

After the intervention, in the vitamin supplement (E and C) group there was a significant increase in IgM (p=0.03) and IgA (p=0.004). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in IgG (p=0.007) compared to the placebo group. On the other hand, the significant difference in cortisol (p=0.13), upper body muscle strength (p=0.31), lower body muscle strength (p=0.53), upper body muscle endurance (p=0.66), and maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.12) of two concurrent exercise-vitamin supplements (E and C) and concurrent exercise + placebo didn’t observed; while the lower body muscle endurance of the complement group showed significantly increased (p=0.003).

consumption of vitamins C and E along with concurrent endurance and resistance training (four weeks) have optimal effects on the safety and physical fitness of inactive women. Vitamins C and E can also improve acute changes in serum immunoglobulins and cortisol levels after debilitating activity.

Physical activity causes structural and functional changes in the heart, especially the left ventricle, which depends on the intensity and duration of exercise. The present study investigated the effect of swimming duration on the expression of the hypertrophy gene, the growth factor of myocyte 2c (MEF2c) in the left ventricle of male rats.

Eighteen male rats (200 ±20 g) were divided into three groups: control, medium and long term swimming. Exercise groups (10 weeks and five days a week) swam in 28 ±2 degrees water. During each session, the intermediate group swam for one hour and the long-term group after the fifth week to the last week swam for three hours. Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of MEF2c gene. Differences were determined by one-way ANOVA method and group comparisons were determined by Tukey post hoc test at the significance level of p≤0.05.

The results showed that 10 weeks of swimming training in both training groups compared to the control group, significantly decreased the MEF2c gene expression (p=0.001). In addition, heart weight and heart weight / body surface area ratio in the swimming group medium and long term compared to the control group; were significantly Increased (p<0.05).

Swimming training can reduce the expression of MEF2c gene associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and pave the way for the activity of factors associated with hypertrophy. Therefore, swimming trainings especially long-term exercise, can be recommended as an convenient model for improving of heart function

Ovariectomy can induces oxidative stress in the body. Flaxseed is known as a rich source of natural antioxidants along with regular physical activity can also inhibit the destructive effect of oxidative stress. The present study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of flaxseed extract and aerobic exercise on the oxidative status of cardiac tissue in ovariectomized rats.

In this experimental study, 36 adult female Wistar rats weighing 250±25 gr were randomly divided into six equal groups (n=6) including healthy control, sham (surgical control), ovariectomy, ovariectomy-flaxseed extract, ovariectomy-exercise, and ovariectomy-exercise-flaxseed extract group. Aerobic exercises five days a week for eight weeks were performed on a treadmill. Moreover, the flaxseed treatment groups received 400 mg/kg body weight of flaxseed extract by gavage. At the end of the study, cardiac tissue samples from different animals were obtained and then total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde concentration (MDA), the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzymes were measured. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey test at the significant level of p<0.05.

The results showed that the activity of SOD, GPX, PON1 enzymes and TAC in ovariectomy mice was significantly lower than control mice but the MDA index was significantly increased (p<0.05). However the activity of SOD, GPX, PON1 enzymes and TAC levels were significantly higher and the MDA concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) in mice of ovariectomy-exercise-extract group than the mice of ovariectomy, ovariectomy-extract and ovariectomy-exercise groups.

The results of this study showed that the combination of flaxseed extract and aerobic exercise more improved the activity of the antioxidant system, reduced the oxidation index of heart tissue in menopause and also the stress caused by aging.

The inflammatory factors can be considered as one of the important factors involved in metabolic disorders and diabetes. The identifying of the best type of exercise training has been considered as an important method for reducing inflammation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of six weeks aerobic, resistance and concurrent exercise trainings on plasma levels of IL-10/TNF-α ratio and insulin resistance index in diabetic male Wistar rats.

The research was performed as an experimental research method. Statistical population were consisted of male Wistar rats with a weight range of 130 to 150 gr. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=8) including resistance training (intensity about 60% one repetition maximum), aerobic training (intensity of 50-60% VO2max), concurrent training, diabetic control and inactive healthy control groups. All groups performed their relevant exercises for six weeks/three times in each week. Forty eight hours after of last training session, blood samples were taken directly from the heart and blood data were collected. Inflammatory factors and insulin resistance were measured by ELISA and HOMA-IR methods respectively. The one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc statistical methods were applied at a significant level of p≤0.05.

Levels of IL-10/TNF-α ratio in diabetic control (p=0.001), aerobic training (p=0.02), resistance training (p=0.003) and concurrent training (p=0.003) groups significantly decreased compared to healthy control. On the other hand, in training groups compared to diabetic control, no significant change was observed (p>0.05). Moreover, insulin resistance index in aerobic, resistance and concurrent training groups (p=0.002, p=0.03 and p=0.01 respectively) significantly decreased compared to the diabetic control. No significant differences were observed between the training groups.

Performing of resistance, aerobic and concurrent exercises for six weeks improves type II diabetes; but it probably does not have enough potential to improve the body’s inflammatory conditions.

Moderate to severe exercise trainings may damage most of the body’s tissues, but the use of antioxidant supplements can modulate the exercise-induces oxidative stress. The purpose of the present study was to investigate serum changes of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in sedentary females consumed coenzyme Q10 following a moderate or severe acute resistance training.

The present research was a semi-experimental study. Twenty seven female students were randomly divided into three groups including two resistance training groups and one control group. Two intervention groups performed one session of resistance training with moderate intensity (70% 1RM) and severe intensity (85% 1RM) at the beginning and end of two weeks of the research protocol. During these two weeks, they orally consumed 30 g/day coenzyme Q10 supplement. Blood sample was taken immediately after the acute training and supplementation. GPX and SOD activity were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method. The results were extracted using repeated measure ANOVA and LSD tests at the p<0.05 significant level.

Moderate and severe acute resistance training did not cause a significant changes in serum enzyme GPX (p=0.06, p=0.19 respectively) and SOD (p=0.42 and p=0.61 respectively) activity, but after two weeks of coenzyme Q10 supplementation it was associated with increases in the activity of SOD (p=0.01, p=0.006) and GPX (p=0.01). Comparing the effect of the two types of training, intensive resistance training resulted in a further decrease in GPX index (p=0.002).

The use of short-term coenzyme Q10 supplementation improves antioxidant status of sedentary individuals and can alleviate the anxiety of practitioners to avoid the damaging effects of oxidative stress after intense acute resistance training (above 85% 1RM) and can be included with other supplements as a nutritional strategy.

The improper nutrition and increased sedentary behaviors increases the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular illness, hypertension, arterial stiffness, and diabetes. While physical activity as an intervention can be important in modulate these conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different intensities of aerobic exercise before glucose ingestion on subsequent cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in active and inactive women.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with two groups, 27 women were selected, including 15 members of the Shahrood women’s futsal team as an active group and 12 non-physical education students of the Shahrood university of technology as an inactive group with an age range of 18 to 35 years. Two groups participated in a cross-sectional students for separate 3 days (running with 25, 65, and 85% of the maximal reserve heart rate). At each session, CAVI was measured first using a vascular screening device. In the next step, running on a treadmill (with one of the three selected intensities) was performed and after 15 minutes, 75 g of glucose was ingested. Further 15 and 45 minutes after glucose Ingestion, the second and third stages, CAVI was measured. To analyze the data repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests at the significant level of p<0.05 were applied.

Although at the beginning of all three sessions, the CAVI of the inactive group was higher; glucose ingestion after exercise with two intensities of 25% (p=0.005) and 65% (p=0.01) caused a significant change in CAVI in the active group compared to the inactive group; this means that the reduction in CAVI following these two activities and glucose ingestion occurred in the active group.

It seems that the response pattern of active and inactive women, especially at low intensities of exercise to glucose Ingestion after exercise could be different.

The regular exercise training has been recommended as a preferred strategy and effective approach to reduce of the inflammatory cytokines such as lipocalin- 2 (Lcn2), and also can improve of the insulin resistance in obese individuals. Therefore, due to the findings limitation on the different order of concurrent endurance and strength training and the effect of the this area, the aim of the study was to compare the effect of different order of endurance and strength concurrent training on body composition, insulin resistance and serum level of the Lcn2 in inactive obese women.

Fourty five inactive obese women in a semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design purposefully participated and randomly divided into three groups including control (n=15), resistance + endurance training (n=15) and endurance + strength training (n=15) group. Training program was performed 12 weeks and 3 times per week. The endurance training also was performed 20 minutes running on treadmill in each session with 55-75% HRmax intensity as the same for strength training it was included two sets on eight stations with 8-15 repetitions up to 55-75% one repetition maximum. Body composition indices and fasting blood serum samples were measured 48 hours before the start of training and also after the last training session. For statistical analysis paired samples t-test and analysis of covariance at the significant level of p<0.05 were used.

The results indicated both type of exercise training could significantly decreased the body composition indices (weight, body fat percent, body mass index, waist to hip ratio), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and concentration of the serum Lcn2 (p<0.05). But there were no significant differences between two concurrent training methods (p>0.05), and these biomarkers did not show any significant change in the control group (p>0.05).

The concurrent training, independent of the order of exercise, can be an effective method to improve of obesity risk factors such as body composition, insulin resistance and Lcn2 marker in obese women.

Beach soccer as a new exciting and popular field of sport is spreading rapidly around the world. However, so far, limited accurate and documented information is available about the physical and physiological needs of this sport. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in resting levels of some inflammatory, muscle damage, aerobic and anaerobic indices of beach soccer players in the pre-season, mid-season and end of the premier league season.

In this quasi-experimental study with repeated measures design, 13 elite beach soccer players (Mean± SD: age 24.64±4.01 year, body mass index 22.76±2.36 kg/m2 and maximum oxygen consumption 38.60±5.48 ml/kg/min) were selected. Measurements of aerobic and anaerobic power and alanin amino teransferase (ALT), aspartat amino teransferse (AST), certain phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) indices were measured in the 98-99 pro league in pre-season, mid-season and also at the end of the season. The repeated measure analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests were used to examine the changes at the significant level of p<0.05.

Significant increase in ALT (p=0.04) and also decrease in anaerobic power (p=0.001) was observed from pre-season to the end of the season. LDH levels showed a significant increase in the mid-season compared to the pre-season (p=0.04) and as the same the significant decrease also was found at the end of the season compared to the mid-season (p=0.01). However, no significant changes were observed in AST (p=0.50), CPK (p=0.15) and aerobic power (p=0.11) during the competition season.

Due to the physiological pressure for beach soccer players at different stages, it is recommended that players in this field should be monitored for biochemical and functional parameters during the competition season, and based on that, training, nutrition and recovery programs could be optimized.